This qualitative case-study discusses the experiences of one individual with a neurodegenerative disease which is largely undiagnosed. This study provides the reader with a history of the subject’s mental health diagnoses as well as their symptomology and the progression of the illness. There is a specific focus on the patient’s history of Bipolar I and prior diagnosis of a meningioma. A detailed discussion of the patient’s presenting problems is also discussed in this study.

Insomnia, sleepwalking, nightmares; are manifestations of stressful events experienced or perceived as such during a given period of life [1-8]. Despite hormonal and behavioural disturbances that may also explain some of these disorders (eg: behavioural insomnia, idiopathic insomnia, or insomnia related to a mental disorder), sleep disorders often have their origins in hygiene of inappropriate life to get a quality sleep and adequate duration. It is strongly correlated with living conditions that are dependent on or influenced by environmental psychobiological risk factors; through its indicators of socio-economic status and environmental stress [9-18]. Many studies have established a negative relationship between the presence of predisposing factors to metabolic diseases (such as stroke or cardiovascular disease) and cognitive impairment, accompanied by decreased attention, decreased reflexes engines and the ability to perform multiple tasks (Ojo et al., 2015; Oertel-Knochel et al., 2015, Mayor, 2015, Jo et al., 2014).

The experience of our environment stimulates our perception and our ability to learn. This learning ability is enhanced by the quality and duration of our sleep [1-3]. Recent results have shown that repetitive stimuli influence cortical neuron responses and their mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, as well as their learning and consolidation process during sleep [3]. It is easy to see why sleep disorders such as insomnia, narcolepsy and sleepwalking; are continually associated with cognitive or memory deficits. This reality can occur as much in healthy subjects as in mental health, as in individuals with diagnoses of neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s or people with depression [4]. Sleep disorders may be the result of a neurological disorder (anxiety, depression and dementia) or an early stage neurodegenerative disease (Parkinson’s disease and Parkinson’s disease). Alzheimer) [5-8], or be the cause of brain imbalance (cognitive impairment or decreased alertness). Among the sleep disorders that best characterize this cerebral dysfunction, we find insomnia (eg: frequent awakenings, maintenance of difficult sleep, early awakening) and excessive daytime sleepiness (eg: sleep attacks, frequent sleepiness during the day).

Background: Endovascular (EV) treatment of aSAH has increased in the last 20 years. Results of surgical (SC) and endovascular treatments are comparable, but EV has higher rates of retreatments. The cost of endovascular devices is high and makes this treatment expensive. Object: To evaluate the results and costs of surgical treatment against endovascular in SAH. Methods: Retrospective review of SAH patients was conducted, treated endovascularly (EV) and surgically (SC). A descriptive study of demographic, clinical and radiological aspects have been carried out. Clinical and angiographic results and economic costs have been evaluated in both globally, and in each of the groups. Results: 231 patients were reviewed (82.5% EV; 17.5% SC). A 71.2% of the patients presented favorable GOS (4-5) at 6 months (80% SC; 69, 3% EV). Mortality was 7,9% (all in SV group). The angiographic results were better in the SC group (88.6% of complete occlusion versus 50%), as well as the stability of the treatment (19.5% of retreatments versus 0%). The Average Length of Stay (ALOS) was higher in the SC group, however, overall costs after follow-up and retreatment were 12.3% higher in the EV group. Conclusion: Clinical results are comparable. The rate of complete occlusion of the SC group was higher and the need for retreatment lower. Costs of the EV group were significantly higher than the SC group due to the follow up and the rate of retreatment. Adequate selection of candidates for endovascular coiling could improve angiographic outcomes and save costs.

Massive degeneration of the basal forebrain cholinergic cells is one of the major histopathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The degeneration leads to Acetylcholine (ACh) deficits in the cortex and hippocampus. AD disease severity was negatively correlated with ACh expression. We conducted neuronal transplantation with cells derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem (hiPS) cells into the bilateral hippocampi of human amyloid precursor protein transgenic AD mice. The transplantation significantly improved cognitive dysfunction in the mice. Transplanted neurons differentiated further in the host cortex into human Choline Acetyl Transferase (ChAT) + cholinergic neurons. In the hippocampus, the grafted cells preferentially differentiated into human vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) + cells. We suggest that transplanted neurons may compensate for neurotransmitter loss associated with AD lesions. In this review, we summarize current topics of neurotransmitter system perturbation of AD pathology. We would like to emphasize the importance of GABA/GABA receptor (GABAR) circuits as well as ACh/ACh receptor (AChR) pathways in the hippocampus reconstituted by the transplantation.

Introduction: Traumatic brainstem lesion (BSC) after head injury due to RTA (Road Traffic Accident), though an uncommon event, depends upon the high velocity acceleration-deceleration forces. It leads to rise in Intracranial Pressure (ICP) & brain herniations, resulting in change in brainstem microstructure. Focal traumatic BSL is a rather rare event. Case Description: Here we present an interesting case of 35 year male presented to our E.D. (Emergency department) with two episodes of vomiting & altered sensorium, due to fall, with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of E1V1M5 (7/15). There was left sided hemiparesis. Computed Tomography (CT) scan showed brain stem contusion. He was kept in Intensive Care Unit (I.C.U) for the monitoring of pulse, Blood Pressure (BP), temperature. After 17 days of conservative treatment, the patient recovered. Pt was followed up on monthly basis for next 3 months. The BSL resolved as was depicted on the repeat CT scans. Conclusion: The severe morbidity and mortality associated with BSC mandates management in ICU for round the clock monitoring. This adds to the crunch of bed occupancy in any Government sector tertiary centre, but nevertheless, the outcome of such monitoring is matchless in terms of improved survival & better Quality Of Life (QOL). These cases needs further study to evaluate their future outcome. This may be the first of its kind of case report (after extensive search in Pubmed, using different relevant keywords, amongst the English literature) on this prickly issue, while choosing between catering to all & providing best available care to all.

The purpose of this review is to discuss the characteristics of nicotine and cannabis that make them potential gateway drugs to young people. There is substantial evidence that indicates nicotine and cannabis influence experimentation with an addiction to “harder” drugs that adolescents have a tendency to abuse. I have reviewed the literature as it pertains to ADHD adolescents because it is well documented that ADHD kids have problems with judgment, impulsivity and may seek recreational drugs as an attempt to improve their attention or help them cope with the emotional distress associated with ADHD life. There are many studies that show non-ADHD adolescents, whose brains develop slowly and in specific ways, are vulnerable to the effects of drugs such as nicotine and cannabis. In this review, discussion of drug effects ranges from psychological, behavioral, physiological, developmental and neurological at the systems and molecular level.